Effects Of Divorce On Children :: essays research papers

Since there is a ton conversation of the impacts of separation on youngsters, I pick this to be my subject. In 1991 Amato and Keith (specialists) inspected the aftereffects of 92 examinations utilizing 13,000 youngsters running from preschool to youthful grown-ups to figure out what the general outcomes showed. The general aftereffect of this investigation was that youngsters from separated from families are on "average" to some degree more regrettable off than kids who have lived in family units. These kids experience more difficulty in school, more conduct issues, progressively negative self-ideas, more issues with companions, and more difficulty coexisting with their folks. Generally speaking, the kids are more indistinguishable than various. Amato discloses to us that normal contrasts don't imply that all kids in separated from families are more regrettable off than all kids in unblemished families. One approach to inspect this issue is represented by discoveries of Mavis Hetherington. Hetherington, in the same way as other others, finds these normal contrasts, however she likewise took a gander at a portion of her measures and inspected how much kids in separated and unblemished families were all the more seriously debilitated. Here we locate some significant contrasts. On a proportion of conduct issues, Hetherington reports that 90% of juvenile young men and young ladies in unblemished families were inside the ordinary range on issues and 10% had major issues that we would for the most part need some kind of support. The rates for separated from families were 74% of the young men and 66% of the young ladies in the ordinary range and 26% of the young men and 34% of the young ladies were in the negative scale.      The contrasts between youngsters in various types of families are parental Loss, monetary misfortune, more pressure, poor parental alteration, and introduction to interparental struggle.      All specialists will concur that any life changing change is viable on a youngster's life.

Target Market Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Target Market Strategy - Essay Example It’s genuinely going to be electronic shoes or shoes in everyone’s foots. The microcomputer chips joined to these shoes or shoes can consequently quantify one’s walk-separations, check his strides, measure his circulatory strain in foots, figure the speed of an athlete and so forth. E-Walker will pull in indoor players like badminton and tennis since it can electronically follow one's strides and outside players like cricket and football because of that it can assist players with boosting up their athletic skill through the digitized framework it has been appended with.E-Walker would offer its items to the two games and footwear providers. Sports shoes and different shoes and shoes will be planned and grown in an unexpected way, and accordingly, it will be increasingly practical for the organization to utilize distinctive flexibly ties to advertise them. Sports shoes will be provided to sports providers. Different shoes and shoes will be provided to general footw ear providers. STP methodology to enter the business sectors and obstruction to itSegmentation system of E-WalkerAs Bygrave and Zacharakis (2010, p.170) noted, division is an organization's essential promoting measurement for setting the vital structure and is the way to showcasing procedure of recognizing the correct clients of the organization also. For successful showcasing, it should fragment its market by separating the all out market into sub-bunches like topographical, segment, psychographic and conduct and so on (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2001, p. 68).

Effective Process for Designing a Logo

Effective Process for Designing a Logo © Shutterstock.com | AysezgicmeliAs logo of a company represents it and provides the first impression of this company, the design and creation of a logo is very important process. In this article, we will discuss 1) whats in a logo, 2) the process for designing a logo, 3) examples of good logos.WHAT’S IN A LOGO: AN OVERVIEWA Logo is a term that is used to refer to a symbol, a mark, an emblem or a graphical representation that symbolizes one’s organization, principles or identity. Logos are used by commercial organizations, religious sects, medical institutions and even individuals to promote public recognition and may be in the form of the company’s name, the trademark or an abbreviation, etc. Instead of using the entire name of the organization, individual or group, a logo acts as a small or descriptive representation with which audiences can identify the entity.A logo is a visual mark that these days is created using several computer softwares and platforms. There are a sepa rate study and area of education that teaches how to design and create logos, and this field of study is known as Logo Designing. To know more about Logos, how they are designed and why they are important, you can go through the following given information.Importance of a good logo for businessesA logo is a visual representation of the principles, beliefs and other attributes of your business and is hence exceedingly important for any entity. A logo influences the first impression of your company or brand on customers, clients, and partners and it is hence very crucial to design a logo carefully. Once made, it can be very difficult to change the logo since people begin to identify it and use it to refer to your brand. Not only does a good logo promotes customer loyalty but also establishes a brand’s identity. It gives a professional touch to your business, no matter how large or small in scale it may be.With a little consideration, a slight creativity, and a proper brainstorming p rocedure, one can come up with a logo that is well appreciated and identified across masses. Logo designing must be given enough importance, even if it takes the time to come up with an excellent design.Features of a great logoThe following are some of the characteristics of a great logo:Should be easy memorable recognizable A good logo is one that people remember and can quickly recognize. People must not take more than a second or two to cement it in their memories and recall it when needed.Should be simple It is important that your logo is clutter free, clean and simple. It must not be very complex, confusing and distracting as a complicated design may be hard to understand and recognize.Should be timeless While designing a logo, you must consider whether it is timeless or not. Would it still hold valid and be good after a few decades? If not, change it!Should be versatile The logo you design for your company must be extremely versatile. It should be scalable to different si zes without any loss in quality. It should work across several forms of media easily.Should be appropriate It should be suitable for your business, should be able to resonate with your purpose and objectives and must be appropriate.Types of LogosThe following are some of the broad logo types:Font based logos Font based logos are those types of logos which use Type Treatments. In these logos, the company names are written with slight twists in their font styles and sizes, etc. Some examples of companies using such logos are Sony, Microsoft and IBM.Illustrative logos Illustrative logos are those kinds of logos which illustrate what the company or brand does. For example, a company that is involved in painting houses may use the symbol of a painting brush.Abstract logos Abstract Logos are the kinds of logos which do not represent the name or purpose of the company but are abstract signs or symbols that the brand can expect to become popular. An example of a brand using abstract log os is Nike.THE PROCESS FOR DESIGNING A LOGODesigning a Logo is a comprehensive and detailed procedure or process that requires not only brainstorming ideas, but also research work, initial drafting procedure, revision process, delivery of final logo and other steps. One can either design a logo on their own by learning the logo design softwares or can use the services of a logo designer who uses professional level dedication and skills to come up with a logo for your brand. To know more about what goes into designing a logo at a professional level, you can go through the following given information.Step #1: Research workThe first step involved in logo designing is the step where research work takes place. Before drafting the initial designs or brainstorming ideas, it is important to know the current trends, study the logos of competitors and observe the kind of Logos that are appreciated by the audience. Researching of the industry or field helps professional designers get a sense o f the atmosphere and environment going on currently. Research work also helps to avoid designing of logos similar to the ones that are already popular in the market.Research can be done by either searching the web for popular logos or industry-specific logos or venturing out in the market to observe symbols used by random brands and then doing the evaluations or analysis of each logo type. This process could take long, especially if field research is being conducted. Field research could also include taking opinions of the masses or customers regarding their preferred symbols, the logos they dislike or the kind of logos they would want to see.Step #2: Know the Client/BrandAfter research is done, and results are evaluated, the next step is to get to know the brand or company the designer is dealing with. Before stepping into the actual designing process, it is important to establish a level of comfort with the client so as to easily take his/her opinion on the kind of logo he/she has in mind. Besides knowing the expectations and requirements of the client, it is also important for a designer to understand the brand. A logo designer may do a brief research on the history of the company, what it stands for and what its future objectives are. These points may help the designer incorporate the purpose or goals of the brand into the logo and make it more personal for the company.In order to know the client, the brand, and the expectations, one can conduct meetings or hold candid discussions with the company owner or concerned creative head. There might be certain things that the company may not want in the logo, and it is crucial to know about these things in advance, rather than during the designing process.Step #3: Determine the function of the logoA logo is the representation of your brand, its ideas, its purposes, its principles, and beliefs. It is important for the designer first to determine the function of the logo and then go ahead and work on its font, size , color scheme, design, etc. The logo must be capable of:Creating a trust factor among the audiences or customers. A solid and attractive logo is one which conveys the company’s willingness to satisfy clients and customers.Boosting recognition and brand identity among the masses. A strong logo helps people identify it among the other logos and competing brands.Enhancing the impression and admiration factor among people. The logo must throw a good first impression on new clients, customers and others.As a designer, one must try to design the logo keeping the following points in mind:The target audience or public. The logo must be designed keeping their sensibilities, taste, preference, level of understand, etc. the logo must resonate with them and look appealing.Main message. The logo must be able to put across the message that the company is trying to give to the customers and should fulfill the purpose or objectives of the brand.Branding. As a designer, one must be able to unders tand whether the company wants its brand name to be visible through the logo or not. If yes, then the logo must be designed accordingly and if no, then the designer must find another abstract design.Color scheme. The logo must be created keeping the color scheme of the brand design or name in mind.Step #4: Make initial designsAfter determining the function, understanding the brand and its requirements as well as conducting a thorough research, a designer is able to collect all the information needed to start working on the initial designs and ideas. Those drafts can be prepared by sketching them on a plain white paper or sheet. At this stage, the designer usually puts down all the ideas he/she has in mind on the sheet in a rough manner. At designing schools, students are asked to create 100 possible designs before shortlisting the best one. This not only makes way for registering all possible designs but also makes the designer come up with designs that may seem dull at first but co uld be improved to get the final logo.At this stage, the designer makes use of a simple pencil and paper. Since designing is a non-linear process, one often keeps from erasing the designs created because certain mistakes could later spark bright ideas. After all, the only way to pick the good from the bad is to have a lot of options. This may sound difficult and time-consuming but is the easiest and most engaging part of the logo designing process. It is the part where the designer puts his creativity to good use and can come up with over 10 designs in an hour.Only after sketching several rough logos the designer shortlists the best few, and sketches them in a more proper manner on a fresh piece of paper so that opinions can be taken on them.Step #5: Get FeedbackThe next step is to take the best designs from the rough sketches to a target or test audience and get their feedback. This is the time when the designer or the company may approach a group of people who fit the description of the target audience and ask them to give their opinions on the logo designs shown to them. The designer must ask questions like ‘Is the design relatable to the brand name?’, ‘Is the design easy to understand and memorize?’, ‘Is the design unique or seems similar to any other logo?’, ‘Is it boring or intriguing?’, and so on. Only after getting the opinions of a cross-section of people improvements can be made and the process can be taken forward.This is a crucial stage in the designing process as whatever changes have to be made can be made right now. The designer may take the time to conduct this research and take opinions since it is important to consider everyone’s viewpoint and come up with a design that fits all requirements. Besides taking the opinion and feedback of the test audience, the opinion of the client also has to be taken at this stage.Step #6: Review and reviseNow that opinions and feedback have been gathered, the designer needs to start working on the revision of the final few designs and incorporate all changes that need to be done. At this stage, the logo needs to be digitized which means that the designer moves to a software or designing programs such as Adobe Illustrator or Inkscape from the regular paper and pencil sketching method. The logo needs to be refined, made scalable and created all again in the designing software. This stage could also prove to be a lengthy one since it involves moving back and forth several times in order to make improvements and leave no scope for error.While, in some cases, the client may approve the logo easily, sometimes it takes a long time and many efforts to convince him. In fact, the designer, may be working simultaneously on 2-3 logos so that the final decision is made after refining all the designs. Reviewing and revising also involves paying attention to the font, the size, the colors, the contrast, and other bells and whistles. This stage must also include doing application mock ups of the logo to make sure it works across all media platforms and whether it is scalable to different sizes. Once all of this has been taken care of, the final logo may be ready to be delivered.Step #7: Deliver final logoNow the designer shows the final logo or the 2-3 logos to the client in a formal manner and then presents various iterations of the logo to show how it will look in a folder, on the website, on the company’s board, in newspapers, on buildings, etc. If the client is convinced, the designer may move forward and deliver the final logo and its rights. But in case any slight changes or improvements are required, then the designer goes back to the revision process until the client is satisfied.EXAMPLES OF GOOD LOGOSThe following are some of the examples of excellent logos that satisfy the various parameters.Cisco Systems © Wikimedia commons | CiscoThe logo of Cisco Systems is recognizable worldwide and one of the main reasons behind it is the work that the company and its designers put into it. The first thing that a person sees when they look at this logo is the bar lines on top of the letters. These lines instantly make us think of ‘frequency’, ‘radio’, or something related to tech. This is what makes the logo so successful since Cisco systems belong to the Tech Industry. Cisco is a Silicon Valley based organization and the bar lines also represent the Golden Gate Bridge. This means that with a few simple lines, the logo manages to achieve a lot. The design is simple yet so effective. © Wikimedia commons | ZyMOSEvernoteThe logo of Evernote is yet another example of highly intelligent and successful logo. It has an elephant which is a reference to the famous line ‘an elephant never forgets’ which makes it highly appropriate to the purpose of the app which is to note and store’. The design is simple, very memorable and instantly recognizable.Icon Snowskates © Flickr | John FischerIcon Snowskates is a small-scale snow skateboard company that is a family operated business in Massachusetts. The main idea behind the logo design was to create one that looked good on paper as well as on snowboards. The raindrop in the logo is meant to differentiate snowboarding from snow skateboarding since in snow skateboarding, rain and precipitation are good signs unlike in the case of the former. This is a small geometric design that works well across several platforms and is hence highly usable and scalable. Image credit:  Wikimedia commons | Cisco and Wikimedia commons | ZyMO under public domain, Flickr | John Fischer under Attribution 2.0 Generic.

Jawapan Past Years Opm 530 - 1476 Words

JANUARY 2012 QUESTION 1 ‘Operation management is the set of activities that create value in the form of goods and service by transforming inputs into outputs’. Based on the statement, explain briefly the 10 Operation Management critical decisions i. Design of goods and services ii. Managing quality iii. Process and capacity design iv. Location strategy v. Layout strategy vi. Human resource and job design vii. Supply chain management viii. Inventory, material requirement planning, and JIT(just-in-time) ix. Intermediate and short term scheduling x. Maintenance QUESTION 2 a) List the 5 goals for ethical and environment friendly product design i. Developing safe and environmentally†¦show more content†¦The technique for addressing the fixed position layout are complicated by three factor. First, there is limited space at virtual all sites. Second, at different stage if a project, different material are needed and therefore different item become critical as the project develop. Thirds, the volume of material needed is dynamic. Example of this type of project is ship, a highway, a bridge, a house and an operating table in a hospital operating room. ii. Process-oriented layout It can simultaneously handle a wide variety of product or service. This is traditional way to support a product differentiation strategy. It is most efficient when making product with different requirement or when handling customer, patient, or client with different needed. A process oriented layout is typically the low volume, high variety strategy.in this job environment, each product or each small group of product undergoes a different sequence of operations. A product or small order is produce by moving it from one department to another in the sequence required for that product. Example of this type of layout is through an inflow of a patient, each with his or her own needs, requires routing through admission and so on. QUESTION 4 a) Differentiate with example dependent demand and independent demand inventory management system Dependent demand The demand for item is dependent upon the demand for some other item in the inventory. For example, the demand for toaster oven componentShow MoreRelatedJawapan Past Years Opm 5301483 Words   |  6 Pagesoperate 260 days a year. Storage and handling cost of the paper are RM40 a year per box. It cost RM70 to order and receive the shipment of paper. i. Calculate the economic order quantity (EOQ) EOQ =2DS/ H =2507040 =700040 =175 =13.23 ii. Calculate the total annual cost iii. Calculate the optimal number of order per year iv. Calculate the optimal number of days between any two orders Optimal no of day between any two order = no of working days per year / N =260 / 3.78

Taxation Without Representation - 1753 Words

Oppressors or Bullies? Taxation Without Representation Why weren’t the thirteen colonies willing to abide by England’s laws? While some people were horrified with the Stamp Act, others were completely accepting of this new act. Janis Herbert stated in her book, The American Revolution for Kids, that after the French and Indian War, England had many debts, which obviously needed to be paid (3). England’s Parliament decided the American colonists needed to pay their debts for them. England went about this matter by raising taxes and requiring a stamp for fifty different documents (Gale Encyclopedia Par. 2). Since America was not yet a country, and had no representation, they were trapped with the laws Parliament passed. Even though England was trying to pay off their debts from the French Indian War, they went about it the wrong way, because they expected the American colonists to pay by increased tax dollars. This is an example of taxation without representation, because the Ame rican colonists didnt have representatives, or the opportunity to vote. To help pay off their debt, England scheduled the initiation of the Stamp Act, which placed a tax on fifty different documents, on November 1, 1765 (Gale Par. 2; Brindell 13). This act was to put a tax â€Å"upon every paper commonly called a pamphlet and upon every newspaper† (Copeland 193). Because the Stamp Act was an internal tax, which meant this tax law was only enforced in America, this made the colonists evenShow MoreRelatedDemocracy : No Taxation Without Representation961 Words   |  4 Pagesand participate in democracy. This notion of democracy slowly evolved out of different revolutions and ideas. We saw great leaps forward in in the evolution of democracy during the US revolution which was exemplified by the cry of: â€Å"No taxation without representation.† In the French revolution, in which there has been so much has studied about, is another example of inequality helping democrat ization. In the modern era, we have seen the Arab spring rise and fall, with some countries making modest reformsRead MoreNo Taxation without Representation Essay1851 Words   |  8 PagesTaxation is an extremely controversial topic in the United States because in order to continue to enjoy the American comforts of healthcare, social security, national and neighborhood defense, and regulated clean water and air, to name a few, we continue to increase the demands of our government without wanting to pay for the supply of services. Remember, money is a currency and can be used to consume, invest, save, pay loans (including credit cards), or pay taxes. If asking various families whatRead MoreNo Taxation Without Representation- Revolutionary Movement?1832 Words   |  8 PagesThe demand for no taxation without representation was the primary force motivating the American revolutionary movement, and for many it became a symbol for democracy. Throughout the late 18th century, the Britis h colony of America was oppressed by Parliament from across the pond. This oppression included unequal rights compared to English citizens that lived on the mainland, unneeded taxation, and no representation in Parliament, which resulted in many laws that were unfavorable to the AmericanRead MoreNo Taxation Without Representation On Future Americans1327 Words   |  6 PagesIt is a core founding principle of our nation that there will be no taxation without representation. The current fiscal actions of our nation will pass the burden on to future generations, and they will be the ones required to pay for today’s spending. Without a say in this fiscal burden being passed to them, the lack of a balanced budget is in effect, taxation without representation on future Americans. My proposed amendment to the United States Constitution would create a requirement for a balancedRead MoreEssay on The Injustices of the Crown719 Words   |  3 Pageswhich they grumbled to each other i n secret. Taxation without representation; this was just one of many, many grievances inflicted upon the American colonists, and one which the colonists would eventually fight against with the mass-dumping of tea in the Boston Tea Party. In short, it meant that the colonists were to pay taxes for all of the imports that the mother country wished to tax the colonists for. â€Å"Without representation† meant that the British Parliament would tax the colonistsRead MoreThe Creation Of The United States Of America981 Words   |  4 Pagescolonist considered more taxation with out representation. The Townshend program’s attempt to get a grip on the colonies failed. The colonist were rebellious and organized boycotts on British products. With the tension between the colonies and Great Britain reaching a breaking point the British pass the Tea Act. This act angered the colonists for quite a few reasons but the most important thing it did was reignite the colonist’ s anger for taxation without representation. This soon led to the famousRead MoreA History of the World in 6 Glasses Study Questions Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagespurposes as a pain killer. â€Å"Spirits in the Colonial Period† 1. The origin of distilled spirits came from the Arabs. 2. The connection between spirits and colonization is that, spirits became an economic good of great importance that with their taxation and control became matters of high political importance and helped determine the course of history. 3. The production of spirits is connected to slavery because the African slavers who supplied the Europeans with slaves, most valued spirits asRead MoreJames Otis s No Taxation Without Representation Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pages1763. In The Rights of British Colonies Asserted and Proved James Otis outlines his perspectives on government s rights and the rights of the people , these perspectives revolutionized colonial opinions and made famous the quote† no taxation without representation.† James Otis was born in 1725 and died in 1783 during that time he lived an eventful and meaningful life. James Otis graduated from Harvard in 1743 and became a successful lawyer in Boston, his experience in law played a largeRead MoreAmerica At The Foundation Was Formed On The Basis Of No Taxation Without Representation2572 Words   |  11 Pages America at the foundation was formed on the basis of no taxation without representation. How then did we become a country so accepting of higher taxes and government reliance? Breaking it down to the simplest arguments there can be two main points, either taxes are beneficial or taxes are harmful. Taxes and high taxes especially in general are always going to be harmful. If the government is coming at the issue in a way that frames them as a form of caring they are lying. Let’s get one thing straightRead MoreTaxation W/O Representation803 Words   |  4 PagesThe colonists strongly desired independence and separation fro m Britain once taxation without representation was imposed on them. The colonies struggled to earn their representation in the Parliament of their mother country. They were turned down repeatedly and this caused huge issues for the colonists; it was the complete reason for the Revolutionary War. Therefore, the demand for no taxation without representation was the primary force to motivate America against Britain and it was also a symbol

Planning A Key Factor in the Success of a Business Free Essays

Planning is a key factor in the success of any business, and conversely, the failure to plan adequately is one of the fastest routes to business failure. There are many considerations that an entrepreneur must decide such as: type of business, legal structure, permits and licenses, market planning, business plan, location, organization management planning, business telephone line, mission statement, and a business checking account. There are many sources of information to help to start a business in an organized way, such as a business plan from the office of Economic Development Planning located in the County Office Building, or books in that can be found in any library. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning: A Key Factor in the Success of a Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first decision that the entrepreneur must make is what type of business he/she wants to start. The decision should be based on the amount of knowledge and skill that they have in the field that they are considering. The better that they know the industry, the stronger there likelihood they will have a successful business, and the better base they will have for the rest of the decisions that will have to be made in the time to come. The next important decision in the business planning process is the legal structure of the company. The three legal structures are Sole-proprietorship, Partnership and a Corporation. Each one of these legal structures has its advantages and disadvantages. The different aspects that each legal structure differs are: management control, capital, liability, income taxes, business continuity, and government regulations. The understanding of these different issues is crucial to the decision of which structure is the best one for the entrepreneurs business. Be sure to consult an attorney before making this decision. In a sole-proprietorship, the owner retains total control of all the decisions that need to be made. The ability to raise capital is limited by the financial resources and the credit worthiness of the individual owner. The owner has the ultimate liability for all the actions and debts of the business. A sole-proprietorship is not a separate taxable entity. The individual owner reports business revenue, expenses and net income (or loss) on his/her individual tax return (form 1040). The business ends with death of owner unless previously sold or transferred. The government has very limited regulations, and few records are legally required. A D.B.A. (Doing Business As) form is available at most office supply stores or at a County Department of Economic Development office, which also requires a small fee. Completed form with notarized signatures must be filed with the County Clerk†s Office. In a partnership, the control is shared by the partners in accordance with the partnership agreement. If there are two partner†s the agreement does not have to be fifty-fifty. It can be what ever the two decide on in the beginning. The ability to raise capital is expanded somewhat as partners are able to pool their respective financial resources. Both partners have joint and several liabilities for actions and debts of partnership. The partnership is not a separate taxable entity. An information return (form 1065) must be filled out each year to report partnership activity; however, individual partners report their respective shares of income (or loss) personally. The business ends with death of a partner unless written partnership agreement contains transfer conditions. The government has limited regulation and few records are required. They should have a partnership agreement, which is available at most office supply stores or at the local County Department of Economic Development office. Completed form with all signatures notarized must be filed with the County Clerk†s Office. It is advisable to consult a lawyer about a partnership agreement before filing the certificate. With a corporation, the day-to-day control rests with the hired management team. Ultimately control is vested with the Board of Directors who are influenced through the voting process by the shareholders. The ability to raise capital is potentially greatly expanded because additional shares of stock may be sold. The liability of the individual shareholders for actions and debts of the Corporation is limited to their equity investment. A C Corporation is a separate taxable entity (form 1120 is required to be filled out). An S Corporation is taxed essentially like a partnership. An information return (form 1120s) must be filled out. The business has a perpetual life distinct from that of its owners. The shares of stock are freely transferable. The government treats a Corporation as a separate legal and taxable entity, and extensive record-keeping is required. There are also complex operating regulations to follow (which differ from state to state). Forms to incorporate are available at any office supply store and should be filed with the Secretary of State in Albany (518-474-6200) if planned start up is in New York State. Licenses and permits are grants of authority from the Federal, State and local political subdivisions to individuals, corporations or partnerships to carry on certain activities. Licenses often involve the payment of fees and proof of qualification by examination. Legally, it is up to you (the business owner) to know if your business requires licensing. Before you start a project, carefully research the applicable state and local laws. For local licenses and permits contact the village/town hall and the county office for local requirements. If you plan to operate a business in your own home, check to make sure you are not in violation of local zoning ordinances. For a construction company the owner or contractor will need to have specific permits and licenses for each job. A call to the County Clerk†s office gets you started with local government. Depending on your plans, you may also need to check with your local planning board, zoning board and building inspector. For construction jobs it is advisable that you check with the DOT regional office in the area of the project to determine if any permits may be necessary for your particular job. There are many occupations in which various governmental agencies and privately owned businesses require the worker to have a license before he/she can work on the project. Each year there will be fewer trades people, contractors, ect., that will need to be licensed. In the years to come it must be expected that all contractors, trades persons, etc. will be required to be licensed by government authority. The majority of cities in the United States require the trades people to be licensed to conduct their business. As the business owner and the employer it is your responsibility to determine if a licensed operator is required for the job. If a license is required you must assure that only a properly licensed person performs the job. The failure to make sure that the employee has the correct license for the job can result in severe penalties and possible imprisonment. It is generally required that in larger cities workers such as carpenters, plumbers, welders, truck drivers, crane operators, heavy equipment operators, masons, steel erectors, laborers, etc., all have the proper licenses. Some licenses are state issued and are required in order to work any place in the state (crane operators, truck drivers, etc.). 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Economics of College Sports free essay sample

Athletics as big business, role of TV, illegal payments, examples of scandals punishments, pressure to turn pro, academic issues, reforms, sanctions, legalizing athletes pay. College sports are big business. A college or university with a successful football or basketball team can leverage its sports success to increase its donations from alumni, and television revenue from televised football and basketball games can significantly contribute to a schools operating budget. Because of this, recruiting efforts can be intense as schools seek to attract the most promising high school and community college players, and the motivation to violate rules set down by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) can be high. This research examines the economic impact of sports, particularly football, on colleges and universities, recent scandals involving players and coaches which have rocked the NCAA, and considers whether or not players at the collegiate level should be paid for

Rosa Parks Essays (864 words) - Community Organizing,

Rosa Parks Rosa parks was born on February 4,1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama. She was a civil rights leader. She attended Alabama State College, worked as a seamstress and as a housekeeper. Her father, James McCauley, was a carpenter, and her mother, Leona (Edward's) McCauley was a teacher. Rosa P. had one younger brother named, Sylvester. Her family lived in Tuskegee. When Rosa was two years-old her parents split up and she, her mother, and her brother moved to her grandparents farm in Nearby Pine Level, Alabama. Her grandparents were one of the few black families who owned their own land, rather than work for someone else. Although they were poor, they were able to raise enough food for all. During the first half of this century for all blacks living in America skin color affected every part of their lives. The South in particular was very racist. Slavery had been abolished only by some fifty years earlier, and blacks were still hated and were feared by whites because of skin color. Jim Crow had a law separate but equal. The Supreme Court ruled in 1896, that equal protection could not mean separate but equal facilities. Blacks were made to feel inferior to whites in every way. They were restricted in their choices of housing and jobs, were forced to attend segregated schools, and were prohibited from using many restaurants, movie theaters. Rosa Parks said, years later, Whites would accuse you of causing trouble when all of you were doing was acting like a normal human being, instead of crining. You didn't have to wait for a lynching. You died each time you found yourself face to face with this kind of discrimination. Rosa Parks didn't like attending a poor, one-room school, with few books or supplies, not being able to stop on her way home from school to get a soda or a candybar. She hated how they were parts for blacks like restaurants, trains, and bus and even being forced to give up her seat for a white person. Rosa's mother, Leona McCauley, worked as a teacher, and the whole family knew the value of education. Rosa attended the local black elementary school, where her mother was the only teacher. When she graduated, the family worked hard to save enough money to send her to a private school for black girls. At the age of 11 she began to attend Montgomery Industrial School for Girls. At the age of 13, she started a Booker T. Washington Junior High, a black public school in Montgomery. When she graduated, two years later no public high schools in Montgomery were open to black students, who were then forced to abandon their education. The McCauley family was determined that Rosa would succeed, and they worked together to raise enough money to send her to Alabama State College to finish her high school classes. When Rosa was close to graduating, though , the family fell on hard times and could no longer afford schools, etc. Her grandfather had died a few years earlier, and her grandmother became ill. Rosa decided to leave school for a while to help take care for her and to help out on the family farm. Her grandmother died soon after, and then her mother also became ill. Rosa was forced to abandon her classes for good. In 1931, Rosa met and fell in love with Raymond Parks, a barber who was active in civil rights causes. They were married in 1932 and settled in Montgomery. Raymond Parks encouraged Rosa to finish her education, and she received her high school diploma from Alabama State College in 1933. After her marriage, Rosa Parks worked at several different jobs, as an insurance saleswoman and as a seamstress, doing alterrations either in a shop or in peoples homes. Through the Depression, both Parks and her husband were fortunate to be able to find regular work. Leaders in the black community planned the strategy to challenge parks arrest, because she sat in a white seat in a bus. To protest the unfair treatment and to show their strengh, they decided to stage a one- day boycott of the city's buses on the coming Monday. As Nixon said, The only way to make the power structure do away with segregation is to take some money out of their pockets, and considering that 70 percent or more of the Montgomery bus riders were black, they were in position to do just that. Ministers of black churches were soon involved in the planning, including Rev. Ralph Abernathy

Mesopotamian and Egyptian influences on the Hebrews essays

Mesopotamian and Egyptian influences on the Hebrews essays The Mesopotamian myth of Atrahasis tells of the creation of humans as slaves to their gods. Atrahasis also tells of the destruction of all people by a deluge, save one man and his family, who were saved by divine intervention on the part of the god Enki. At the myths conclusion, Enki places reproductive restrictions on the people of earth, eliminating the need to destroy them again later. Enuma Elish, a second Mesopotamian creation story, begins in a time of watery, primeval chaos. The oldest generation of gods were called into being (Ideas, p.5) in male and female forms. The events that follow lead to a bloody battle, after which order is imposed onto the universes preexisting forms. This myth, from a different city and a later period in Mesopotamian history than Atrahasis, says that humans were created as a work of consummate art. The Hebrew myth of creation in many aspects reflects these two stories, such as the creation of heaven and earth without form...and the spirit of God...moving over the face of the waters (Ideas, p. 78), echoing the beginning of Enuma Elish. God speaks to create, in the same manner as the calling into being of the first Mesopotamian deities. God separated heaven and earth with the firmament (Ideas, p.80), imposing order on these already existing forms, much like Marduk did in Enuma Elish. People were created from dust similar to the clay used in both Mesopotamian myths, and imbued with a part of God, in male and female forms in our [Gods] likeness-thus, the Hebrews also believe that people are a consummate work of art (Ideas, p.79). This theory of peoples purpose primarily reflects the later Mesopotamian myth, but the idea of labor and suffering as human destiny is illustrated in the myths that follow the creation story, the &qu...

Homeland Security - Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Homeland Security - Capstone - Essay Example Ten years later, we are still looking for answers although much speculation and some verified facts have come out for public viewing since then. There are things we know for sure now – and then things we can only wonder about because there is no one available to answer the questions that only the dead know. But we have been able to piece some pieces of information together, only to come up with more questions, some of which we really dont want to ask because the answer could mean we were betrayed by our own government who did not heed the warning signals. For instance, Phillipine intelligence had indicated to the United States that there was an attack being planned to hit the Twin Towers and other well-known sites. The plot, Project Bojinka, was known about as early as 1995. â€Å"Project Bojinka was known by the CIA, and the FBI. It was described in court documents in the trial in New York of Ramzi Yousef, and Abdul Murad for their participation in the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993† (Ahmed, 2002). Additionally, FBI agents were aware of suspicious Arab-Americans learning how to fly planes in certain parts of the country. Special Agent Robert G. Wright Jr. said the Offices of the Directors of the FBI threated Wright with criminal prosecution if he said anything to the media about the prior knowledge the FBI had of the attacks against the United States, (Vernon, 2002). Special Agent Wright was demoted to doing paperwork at a desk in the office, and was scheduled to testify against the FBI for not saving thousands of innocent people of September 11, 2001, (Vernon, 2002). The purpose of this study has been to determine if there were any precautions we could have taken ahead of the event that would have prevented such an occurrence. We then look at what we have done since the attack to prevent further occurrences of terrorism

Instructions for Writing Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Instructions for Writing Global Warming - Essay Example Whether we are right or wrong on this score, I still think that it is necessary to conserve the balance of nature in order to keep our earth healthy, thus ensuring that future generations of humans as well as other living beings benefit and thrive as we have done for so many generations. For hundreds of thousands of years, the concentration of greenhouse gases mainly consisting of carbon dioxide and the average global temperature have fluctuated causing the various ice ages. However, for the last several thousands of years a balance in the carbon dioxide emitted and that absorbed by nature has resulted in fairly stable temperatures that have allowed human civilization to develop and thrive. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by more than a third since the industrial revolution. Historically such great changes have taken place slowly over thousands of years. This clearly points to increase in human emissions. Industrialization and its hunger for power and speed have led to drastic changes in human lifestyles during the last century. This I believe is the main cause for increasing temperatures, and the sooner we do something about it the better. I believe that if we are able to take measures to reduce the amount of our own carbon emissions, w e can help restore nature’s balance. Governments can help fund research into eco friendly modes of transport and green buildings as well as reward those who comply with these eco friendly measures. If a mode of transport becomes more affordable or is made more desirable by other means, there will be more people lining up for it. Incentives given to industries that conserve energy, improve energy efficiency or use cleaner sources of energy would be effective in reducing emissions. Professor Andrew Hoffman of the University of Michigan calls energy efficiency â€Å"low hanging fruit† while reporting that many companies have found â€Å"easily identifiable solutions for lowering

Effects of Radio as a Form of Advertising

Effects of Radio as a Form of Advertising Radio Advertising Executive Summary Advertising in general expresses the positioning. Powerful advertising is the result of powerful planning. Great ideas and great ad campaigns dont just pop out from no where, they are built on the key communication points that motivate sales. Radio is entirely a medium of sound, which evokes smells, sensations and visual images which brings the listeners imaginations into play. Radio advertising is one of the tools of advertising which is effectively used for communication and positioning. It is one of the foundations for effective and successful advertising. Radio can be used effectively for advertisement since it can target the large audience because of its high reach. Radio is good at increasing awareness about the brand and business and helping in building the brand image. But all this was only for pure academic purpose. With the advent of television radio lost its popularity and thus its purpose with the marketers. This led to sharp declines in the proportion of advertisement spending on radio as compared to other media. But then came the governments order on liberalization and privatization. This brought about loads of changes in the world of radio broadcasting in India. Prominent and established companies entered the business of FM Broadcasting. FM broadcasting has breathed a new life into the medium of Radio in the past few months. Could radio now think this as a new phase of its life or a re-birth? Of course yes, people are today talking only Radio- Radio Mirchi, Radio City, RED, Go and WIN. One will find people with radio sets of different shapes and sizes listening to their favourite music on roads, in hotels, even the bidi shops aired on any of the music channels. The radio channels are now vying against each other to provide their best to the listeners However one can see that although radio is an excellent medium it has been used to its full potential and various efforts should be taken to improve it as with proper direction radio can reach heights as it is the cheapest and a very good medium. Objective Through this project my objective has been to understand the following To find out about the current scenario of the radio industry. The reasons for a stunted growth of the industry The various steps in radio advertisement Realizing the needs and wants of consumers and fulfilling them What the various radio stations have to offer the masses. Research Methodology Through this project I have made an effort to understand the advertisng tool called radio advertising which is being increasingly recognized by marketers as a powerful tool that helps in finding new customers and retaining the existing ones at a much lesser cost. Primary Research: The aim of primary research was to understand radio advertising as it is seen in the corporate world. To understand this I have taken two interview from different fields. Mr. Madhav Joshi who is currently working in Leo Burnett who helped me understand what all goes into the making of a radio advertisement. The mode of interview used was an informal one where he answered my questions on one to one basis. Also Mr. Sudarshan Sahe the senior marketing manager of Radio City gave me an interview and helped me in trying to understand as to how the station works and looks after the needs of its consumers Secondary Research The aim of secondary research was to understand as to why radio advertising has been able to grow at a considerable rate as compared to the other media.also the fall out of radio in the last decade . It was also undertaken to understand how radio advertising is done and what re the current players in the market. Secondary data collection method: desk research Secondary data collection sources: internet, books, newspaper articles Introduction Old media dont die! They just bounce back in new avatars. Not so long ago radio had been written off as fuddy-duddy, down market and not so cool. Television and later â€Å"new media† were touted to being the media of the future. But thanks to technology radio is making a comeback. In fact, in its new avatar-fm-radio is all set too become the hippest, coolest and most with -it medium. FM radio is a new entity altogether and has to deal with new market dynamics. Media owners dealing with new markets will virtually have to draw up their strategies as they go along, create programming that is new, innovative and grab away eyeballs from TV sets and make them tune into their radio sets. Its a whole new challenge and competition is never far away. Ad revenues will also not be easy to come by, as advertisers will expect media players to put their money where their speakers are before they commit large sums of money towards radio advertising. The other challenge for radio in attracting advertisers is the nature of the medium-radio has always considered being a reminder medium. The involvement of listeners to radio is low, Vis a Vis television or print media. However in spite of the various challenges the emergence of private FM stations is certain to increase the quantum of radio advertising in the country , much like satellite channels did to the quantum of television advertising in the country. That should open up a vast new market of consumers-100 million Indian households own an estimated 150 million radios, outnumbering television sets 3:1. The geographical area covered by radio in India in India is as high as 98 percent and the penetration level is approximately 97 percent. But FM presently covers only 17 percent of the area and 21 % of the population of India through transmitters. Currently radio has just 2 percent of the 9000 crore Indian advertising market according to an Arthur Andersons survey. Globally depending on each country, radio has a 5 % to 12 % of the advertising cake. On the higher side are countries like the United States with 13 %, Canada with 12.7% and Spain with 9.1%. FM station executives are not forthcoming on multi-platform strategies as yet. Given that radio has penetrated into 100 million homes and a FM set costs around Rs. 50/- FICCI estimates FMs share up from the present 1.5 percent to 5 % in five years. They have also forecasted that revenues from radio advertising in India will be Rs. Rs. 1200 crores by 2005 and Revenue of radio services is expected to rise to Rs 689 crore by 2008 at a CAGR of 30 per cent. While TV is a family medium, radio is personalized. Also advertising of certain product seems to work very well while some might not. For example, cellular phone service or auto related products would have a good impact when advertised on radio is primarily known as a â€Å"drive time† medium most people who turn in are doing so while commuting. Thus the potential if FM is better is bigger town, as the car population is much bigger. This would be the key when evaluating the medium. Also one must not forgot that radio continues to be a medium that has tremendous reach among the poor and marginalized sections of society. With the coming of more channels, and the emergence of lifestyle advertising, radio will become a push and pull medium. As said earlier, is not just making a comeback but is being reincarnated into a new avatar. Some Basic Technical Knowledge Any radio setup has two parts: * The transmitter * The receiver The transmitter takes some sort of message (it could be the sound of someones voice, pictures for a TV set, data for a radio modem or whatever), encodes it onto a sine wave and transmits it with radio waves. The receiver receives the radio waves and decodes the message from the sine wave it receives. Both the transmitter and receiver use antennas to radiate and capture the radio signal. When you listen to a radio station and the announcer says, you are listening to 91.5 fm â€Å"what the announcer means is that you are listening to a radio station broadcasting an fm radio signal at a frequency of 91.5 megahertz. Megahertz means millions of cycles per second, so 91.5 megahertz means that the transmitter at the radio station is operating at a frequency of 91,500,000 cycles per second. Your fm (frequency modulated) radio can tune in to that specific frequency and give you clear reception of that station. All fm radio stations transmit in a band of frequencies between 88 megahertz and 108 megahertz. This band of the radio spectrum is used for no other purpose but fm radio broadcasts. Common frequency band includes the following†¦ * AM radio 535 kilohertz to 1.7 megahertz * FM radio 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz AM radio has been around a lot longer than FM radio. The first radio broadcasts occurred in 1906 or so, and frequency allocation for AM radio occurred during the 1920s. In the 1920s, radio and electronic capabilities were fairly limited, hence the relatively low frequencies for AM radio. FM radio was invented by a man named Edwin Armstrong in order to make high-fidelity (and static-free) music broadcasting possible. He built the first station in 1939, but FM did not become really popular until the 1960s. Royalties FM is primarily a music channel, so the question of royalties is relevant. The Indian Protographic Record Society (IPRS) and Phonographic Performance (P) Ltd. (PPL) are supposed to hold all the rights of royalties. They are demanding Rs. 1,500 per hour (as against Rs. 100 per hour, at which they are supplying music to AIR), PPL is demanding a royalty of Rs. 250 per hour of needle time, the actual duration of a piece of music. The IPRS is demanding Rs. 100 per hour. The IPRS claims royalty for the original composers and authors of music. Cost Aspect A Licencee pays Rs. 6000/- per hour. Add Rs. 1,500/- for the music. Add Rs. 3,000/- for the technology, salaries and other expenses. An hour long show thus costs Rs. 10,500. 10 Minutes have been set aside for advertising. One minute is reserved out of 10 minutes for social awareness advertising. Thus, advertising time available for sale is 9 minutes. In other words, 18 advertisements each of 30 seconds can be accommodate in an hour. This is the high target. Besides the tariff card should be modest, considering the limited range and listenership supposing a 30 seconder costs Rs. 500 at prime time for 18 such spots, the total revenue generated is Rs. 9000/- . Another estimate puts the production cost of an hour long programme around Rs. 6,000/-. Add Rs. 6,000/- of the licensee fee to AIR. Studio hiring costs are between Rs. 500 Rs. 1000 an hour. The total expenses are thus Rs. 12,500 to Rs. 13,000 per hour. Advent of Format Radio The arrival of Moving Pictures with sound and then Television were expected to be the death knell for Radio. However Radio has not just survived repeated predictions of its demise but grown tremendously. It has benefited listeners and advertisers alike and earned the status of a Constant Companion What allowed Radio to accomplish this feat? Read on for the long journey the Radio industry has covered thus far. It was way back in 1895, that Guglielmo Marconi invented an antenna to send and receive radio signals. It took quite a while before Reginald Fessenden developed the first radio receiver in 1913. However, experts give a lot of credit to David Sarnoff who actually conceived what is called as the radio music box. It was Sarnoff who suggested that radio should be mass-produced for public consumption. His persistence paid off in 1919 when such sets were available for general purchase. This saw the beginning of what was later looked on as the Golden Age of Radio. Early 1920s saw the launch of commercial radio. People in households would gather around the radio to listen to their favorite programs much as they do today with TV. Radio became the first medium delivering entertainment to the masses in their homes. The 1st paid announcement on radio was a 10-minute capsule from Howthorne Court; a Queens based Real Estate Company. This era was characterized with block programming wherein radio offered something to everyone. News, drama, sports; live musical recordings would be presented in 30 or 60-minute programs. A network soap opera could be followed by a 15-minute newscast followed by one hour of a concert. Then in the 1950s TV began to catch the publics attention. Audiences were charmed by the audiovisual experience of TV. A large number of popular shows moved from radio to TV. That was not all, as the radio industry was also losing a large number of talented staff to TV. At this point in time, radio experts discovered an opportunity that only radio could provide. They realized that radio was the only medium that could be used while doing other things, like getting dressed for work, cooking a meal, traveling to office, studying and more. Radio turned local and moved to what is known in the industry as Format programming. This era also spawned two of radios greatest strengths: immediacy and local service. Format radio strategy was based on providing the same kind of entertainment to a selected audience, throughout the day, seven days a week. As the story goes, Storz and McClendon used to frequent a local malt shop, which had a jukebox. They observed that the customers would usually come and play the same songs that they liked, over and over again. In fact, the staff serving these people would end up playing just the same songs even when the shop was closed.From this insight emerged the Top 40 format or the Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) format were the most popular hits would be played on a higher rotation. This led to a change in the way radio time was being sold. Sales people shifted from selling programs to selling commercials. It also led to a shift in the way radio programs were scheduled. As radio was being used as a background medium of entertainment, it had to be relevant to the listener at every point of time in the day. The shows therefore had to be reflective of various day parts in the life of the listener. Irrespective of the form it came in, format radio definitely made radio not just survive the onslaught of TV but also made it grow tremendously. Being the only medium that could be carried and used wherever you are, it could update you about your world throughout the day while providing you with the entertainment you like all the time. Radio became The Constant Companion. The total number of radio sets at the time of independence in 1947 was a mere 275000.at that time a radio receiver used to be a status symbol in this country. But today its possession is taken for granted. According to estimates, there are radio sets in about 105 million households in the country. History of Indian Radio For more than 4 decades, the Government of India did not permit private radio stations to broadcast in India. Then history changed its course. In 1993, the Government allowed private FM operators to buy blocks (chunks) on All India Radio, prepare programming content, book commercials from advertisers and broadcast the whole lot. Within 4 years, (1997-98), the FM Radio advertising and sponsorship business grew to Rs. 93 crores with Times of Indias Times FM Mid-Day Groups Radio Mid-Day becoming the main players. Then, in June 1998 the Government, through its electronic media regulatory body Prasar Bharti, decided not to renew contracts of private FM operators.Not surprisingly, the advertising revenue fell by 50% within a year! This time, the Government gave the green light to privatize radio in India. July 6, 1999 was the historic day when the Government announced that 150 new FM channels would be licensed across 40 cities. And in 2000, the Government auctioned licenses for private FM channels to bolster the revenue. And the focus on metros was evident in the bidding. Expecting to collect Rs 800 million from auctioning 108 licenses, the government had to actually face mass withdrawal of bidders because of the huge license fee. A handful of serious bidders chose to remain. In response to the Governments offer, many companies bid for the licenses to operate in key markets. But the going was not so easy. Many gave up, unable to shell out the high license fee. For instance, the bidding price for the Mumbai license was reportedly to the tune of Rs 9.75 crore. Others dropped out saying the business was not viable. So, in effect, the competition shrank, players consolidated and the Government extended its deadline. Today, there are roughly 10 players who will operate approximately in 37 cities across the country. The government collected close to Rs 4.6 billion as license fee for the privately run FM radio channels in 40 cities. New Media Broadcasting, a Zee Group company, which focused mainly on the smaller towns, won the largest number of bids. The first round of bidding for 76 channels in 26 cities, garnered close to Rs 3.5 billion. The government got the highest bids Rs 97.5 million from each of 10 broadcast companies for stations in Mumbai. Interestingly, the bids for Hyderabad and Nagpur came next, each for Rs 77.2 million and Rs 74 million, respectively, while the bids for Delhi were Rs 71.2 million each Radio is expected to follow the growth of the Television industry, which grew rapidly following the entry of private players Currently, FM coverage in India is restricted to just 17% of the country, compared to 89% of All India Radio (AIR). Players in Different Centers Company Location of Centers Number of Centers Bid amount for first years license (Rs. crore) Entertainment Network [India] Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bhubaneshwar, Cuttack, Hyderabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Lucknow, Pune 12 43.87 Hitz FM Calcutta 1 1.00 India FM Calcutta 1 1.00 Living Media Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta 3 17.87 Mid Day Broadcasting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai 3 20.17 Millennium Broadcasting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai 3 20.17 Music Broadcasting Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Bangalore, Patna, Lucknow 6 41.37 Sumangali Publications Sun TV Chennai, Coimbatore, Tirunalveli 3 9.87 Vertex Broadcasting Calcutta, Indore, Bhopal, Vishakapatnam 4 2.90 Udaya TV Sun TV Vishakapatnam 1 0.50 Incidentally, Music Broadcasting became the first firm in India to commence private FM broadcast from Bangalore in July. Licence Fee and revenue sharing model Currently, FM players pay annual licence fees, which go up by 15 per cent every year. Private FM radio sector would shift to a revenue-sharing model from the existing licence fee regime. However, revenue-sharing also exists in the media sector. The objective is to â€Å"make FM radio a success story†. Its better to keep the revenue-sharing low than to have a failed project. There has been debate on whether to recommend a revenue-sharing structure or a fixed amount for a period of 10 years; it is firm on revenue-sharing now. Revenue-sharing will follow payment of a one-time entry fee through a process of bidding. Revenue-sharing is quite low at around 4 %. While the private FM players had sought revenue-sharing in the band of 2-2.5 per cent, the panel has fixed it at 4 per cent. Setting up new radio stations After the second round of privatization, the number of FM radio stations targeted is around 300 to 400. The panel also suggested that players wanting to enter the sector in the second round of licensing need to have a technical viability clearance by a financial institution on the financial viability of the project. It has also recommended to the government to release additional spectrum for the use of FM radio companies so that the number of companies operating in one centre can go up. Future of Radio Industry FM Radio can play its part in building a stronger business future for India. Providing free-to-air local broadcasts of music and entertainment, helpful information traffic advisories, community announcements and public service messages provide a real value-added service. But at current levels of advertising support, each radio station is reeling under the brutal financial impact of high costs. With more players in the fray the FM radio industry would grow and also enhance the governments yield from licensing radio naturally. The new India deserves an active private FM radio sector. It can provide a level playing field with benefits for listeners, for advertisers, employment career options. Spearhead the government objective of growing the FM radio business in India. With the government ready to reduce the license fees it will help in attractingnew palyers like reliance which had earlier backed out only due to the entry fees.also government allowing foreign players to enter he Indian market it will help the industry grow. Virgin group has already started exploring the Indian market for suitable partners. various radio stations are coming up with IPO for example Radio Mirchi thus helping them expand. The future looks bright as the reach of radio is expected to raise post the increase in the number and quality of players in the industry. It is on the basis of these key drivers of growth, it is being predicted that radios share in the total advertising pie will see an increase in the medium term. There are an estimated 150 million radio sets across the country. The Rs 1.6 billion industry is reported to be growing by 31 per cent every year and should touch the Rs 6.2 billion by 2007, with revenue rising at 23 per cent annually. Also, though radio has only a 2 per cent share in the Rs 6,000 crore Indian advertising market, advertising spending is expected to amount to Rs 500 crore this year. SWOT Analysis Strengths: * Recently, the government has agreed upon revenue-sharing model, which is 4 % for the growth of the radio stations. So that they can develop themselves well because this industry is still in an introduction stage. * The success of private FM stations, and reveals that radio listenership habits have changed considerably; not only are listeners tuning into it more often but also sticking to radio for longer hours everyday. * The advertisers, who would depend on word-of-mouth, pamphlets, brochures or ads in local supplements of newspapers, are welcoming the opportunity. * Radio is considered as a background medium, because people can listen to radio anytime and anywhere they want. It is also a free medium. * 90% of India has access to radio which is unmatched by any other media. * Radio also reaches to uneducated village folk who do not read print publications. At the places where the literacy rates are low where people hardly read newspapers and radio is the only medium that they can understand. They cant afford a TV set. Therefore radio is more popular. * Radio is the least cost medium and it helps to reach mass audience with various backgrounds. Radio offers its reach frequency and selectivity at one of the lowest costs per thousand and radio production is relatively inexpensive. * Radio is considered as a medium where the â€Å"Proximity to purchase† is very high. * Radio is a complement to another media. Therefore, other media or the advertisers or agency can use this medium for brand recall. Weakness: * One of the major weaknesses of Radio is that there is very less differentiation in the programmes that are aired. Most of the stations plays much of the music that is played consist of Hindi Film songs, and therefore it is difficult to differentiate between the programmes of the different channels. * Fragmented Audience the large number of the audience in India is fragmented in various remote places. And therefore, the percentage of listener tuned to anyone station is likely very small. * No proper research available research is very important for any advertising segment. Research is the main base to attract client and get more revenue. But, in India there is no proper research is available. Many stations are conducting their own research which can be biased. * Radio-only nature of radio communication is a tremendous creative compromise. An advertiser whose product depends on demonstration or visual impact is at a loss when it comes to radio. And like its radio message creates a fleeting impression that is often gone in an instant. Many advertisers think that without strong visual brand identification the medium can play little or no role in their advertising plans. * Increase in listenership numbers but no increase in ad revenue. This is the situation that every radio channel is facing. * Short commercials Opportunities: * Getting copyright licenses from the government for running mega events which are aired on the AIR radio station and have been restricted to be aired on other private stations. * Launching a radio station with 24-hour news channel * Tie-ups with BEST or railway authority for playing the FM in train and in bus. * The launch of Private Radio FM has managed to create a set of ‘New Listeners for the medium * The new radio stations which will come in future they can have venture with the college or university campuses. And can play their station which will exclusively provide with the information relating to that university/college campus. * With the coming of the many more new players in the radio industry each channels can position themselves quite different from others, like, if some station is targeting the health conscious people then their programming strategy will vary accordingly. And then it is easier for the advertisers also to decide on which channel to advertise. * Allowing private FM players to start news and current affairs programmes. * One has to constantly innovate, and that is the challenge. Brand building is thus much more difficult. At the same time, we are very bullish, and gung-ho about this whole enterprise. * Leaves huge scope for innovation in local market Threats: * The biggest threat to private radio industry players is ALL INDIA RADIO. AIR is the biggest player in India because of its reach, low charges, government channel etc†¦ * Because of the new government policies there will be more number of stations and then competition will also increase. This is one of the biggest threats it faces. With no particular differentiation in the music. So, there is a fear of losing its brand loyalty. Advertising in India India has been among the fastest growing economies in the world, with a nominal GDP CAGR of 9.94% over the last 10 years (1995-2005). The nominal GDP for fiscal 2005 was Rs. 30,636 billion. According to CSO estimates nominal GDP growth for fiscal 2006 is estimated at 10.9%. There is a correlation between the economic growth rates of a country i.e. the nominal GDP growth rate, and growth rates of the advertising industry The Indian advertising spends, as a percentage of GDP, is 0.34%, which lags behind other developed and developing countries During fiscal 2005, the gross advertising spend in India is estimated at Rs 111 billion, and is expected to grow at 14.2% to reach Rs. 127 billion by fiscal 2006 Segmentation in advertising The five key industry segments comprise print, television, radio, cinema, and outdoor. These different segments within the industry are at varying stages of growth and corporatization Media Spends as % of Total Ad Spend Year Print TV Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet 2000 49.0% 39.3% 2.5% 0.5% 8.4% 0.3% 2001 48.4% 40.6% 2.7% 0.4% 7.5% 0.4% 2002 47.2% 41.9% 2.9% 0.7% 7.0% 0.4% 2003 46.6% 43.0% 2.9% 0.7% 6.5% 0.4% 2004 46.3% 43.7% 2.9% 0.6% 6.0% 0.3% The Indian television industry has grown rapidly, especially since 1991, which saw the beginning of satellite broadcasting in India. This growth was also aided by the economic liberalization program of the Government. The growth of the satellite television audience saw proliferation of a number of satellite television channels offering more choices to media buyers and consumers of entertainment. Thus, the television broadcasting business, which started off as a single government controlled television channel, now has over 300 channels covering the Indian footprint, resulting in growing ad spends on this medium. Reforms and proliferation of private players were the key reasons for this rapid growth of the share of television in the advertising industry. Radio Advertising Radio is still the king when it comes to getting your music. The best way for a new band to get heard by the public and record label executions is over the airwaves. Paradoxically, radio currently has only a 2.9 per cent share of the total advertising pie in India. Globally, depending on country, radio has a 5 per cent to 12 per cent share of the advertising cake. On the higher side are countries like the United States, with 13 per cent, Canada, with 12.7 per cent and Spain, with 9.1 per cent. Companies that advertise on FM channels today such as Hindustan Lever (HLL), Dr Morepen, Amul, Castrol, Santro, Britannia, Parle, DSP Merrill Lynch etc are dominating the advertising on each one of the FM channels, be it Radio Mirchi, Go 92.5 Red 93.5 or Radio City. Today, 70 per cent of the advertising comes from big-budget, national advertisers and the balance 30 per cent comes from retail. It is a known fact that retail advertising will grow because radio presents the perfect advertising medium for local businesses in a local environment. But national advertisers are also operational in the local market, implying that it is as important to them as it is to a retail advertiser, if not more. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that radio can be integral in exposing a new artist, new product or services to new fans and taking a local market to a national level. Accordingly, it is extremely difficult to obtain meaningful airplay. Putting it bluntly, successful radio promotion revolves around making and managing relationships. Radio promotion is an art that demands a certain style you may simply neither have nor desire to cultivate. On top of that, it can take a great deal of time to make all the contacts and connections that are required for successful radio promotion. Advertising agencies that control the national picture will be slow to move on to radio for creative reasons. They have people who love to make television commercials, but dont have anybody who knows how radio works. Here, only about 2.9 per cent of the money spent by advertisers goes to radio, and up till now, all of that went to ALL INDIA RADIO. However, in revenue terms, money from advertising has gone up. Revenue from commercials on AIR, including on Vividh Bharti and Primary Channel (including FM) rose from Rs 393 million in 1990, to Rs 808.4 million in 2000, Rs. 600 crores in 2002, representing a growth of about 7.5 per cent per annum.

On Ayer and Sartre’s Philosophical Construct

At the onset of Ayer’s philosophical treatise, he clearly asserted that the absolute means of concluding the common philosophical disputes and cleavages is to elucidate the purpose of what is being asked, and then circumstantiate the property of philosophical enquiry through the utilization of logical constructs.Ayer defines logical construction as â€Å"if we can provide a definition in use showing how to get rid of a term ‘a’ in favor of other terms ‘b’, ‘c’, etc., then we may say that the thing supposedly referred to by ‘a’ is a logical construction out of the things referred to by ‘b’, ‘c’, etc. So, for example, tables are logical constructions out of sense-contents† (Ayer 3), which means that logical construction necessitates a referent of the object being perceive, thus metaphysical context is immaterial. Logical construction is the panacea for providing definitive definition for objects , which is also the ultimate task of philosophy.Logical construction for Ayer lays bare the foundation of proving the invalidity of metaphysics because the transcendent reality of such philosophy does not hold any truth at all, for intuition alone cannot suffice in concretizing that knowledge of it was deduced to man’s intuition and necessitated him to project the transcendent reality.This is a dismal argument for Ayer because it deems that every philosophical enquiry must start first on what the senses perceive. Thus in order for him to establish an argument that will lead to the elimination of metaphysics, as well as its other precepts such as intentionality, behavior and consciousness, Ayer intersperse logical construction in his treatise Language, Truth and Logic.For even if it is the case that the definition of a cardinal number as a class of classes similar to a given class is circular, and it is not possible to reduce mathematical notions to purely logical notions, it will still remain true that the propositions of mathematics are analytic propositions.They will form a special class of analytic propositions, containing special terms, but they will be none the less analytic for that. For the criterion of an analytic proposition is that its validity should follow simply from the definition of the terms contained in it, and this condition is fulfilled by the propositions of pure mathematics.[1]Ayer's counterarguments amount to an attempt to circumvent the intentionality of behavior by recourse to dispositions that can be defined as end-states of self-regulating systems.This is a modernized version of the old physicalist proposal to characterize motives not in terms of an intended meaning but as needs that we measure by organic states. Given this presupposition, we can describe the behavior to be analyzed without reference to the motive; the motive, which is also represented in observable behavior, can be understood as the initial condition in a lawf ul hypothesis and identified as the cause of the motivated behavior.I do not see, however, how the organic states, the needs, or the systemic conditions that represent end-states, thus the motives, are supposed to be describable at all on the level of social action without reference to transmitted meaning.Since, however, the description of motivated behavior itself also implies this meaning, that description cannot be given independently of motive. The proposed distinction between motive for behavior and motivated behavior itself remains problematic.[1] Ayer, A.J., Language, Truth and Logic. Dover Publications, Inc., New York, p. 108.

Alexander Hamilton’s Electoral College and the Modern

Alexander Hamilton’s Electoral College and the Modern Election Alexander Hamilton’s Electoral College and the Modern Election Colin Campbell Prof. R Hurl TA: Matthew Lesch Tutorial: Thursday, 4:00 PM, UC 67) U. S. Government and Politics (POL 208 Y1Y) 1 November 2012 Alexander Hamilton’s Electoral College and the Modern Election When American's leaders assembled in Philadelphia in 1787, they originally had the goal of solving issues that had arisen from the Articles of Confederation, which had governed the young nation since separating from Britain.Instead, they drafted a completely new document that established a more permanent and effective central government. With it, they established the office of President of the United States. Rather than being directly elected by the people or selected by the legislature – as described by Alexander Hamilton in the Federalist Papers – the head of state was to be elected by an independent institution that exist ed solely for the purpose of finding a man who was up to the job: a group that would become known as the Electoral College.However, as the political nature of the country evolved in an unanticipated and partisan way, the independence of this body became increasingly irrelevant, resulting in a system which fails to meet the standards of a true modern democracy. Although the Electoral College system has never substantially been reformed, it is now a mere formality which leads to the types of campaigns which it was designed to prevent. In The Federalist, Number 68, Hamilton argues that the president should be elected by individuals selected exclusively for that purpose, rather than by an existing body or by national popular vote. Hamilton, par. 8) Although never named as such in this or any other constitutional document, this would be the basis for the institution now known as the Electoral College. Rather than submitting the national leaders-in-waiting to the rigors of campaigning, wh ich would lead to what amounts to a popularity contest, the Founding Fathers believed that â€Å"a small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations. † (par. 3) Unlike the Congress, however, the ElectoralCollege would never meet as a single body. Each state's electors would convene in their respective capitals, then send notice to Washington of their votes. Hamilton believed that keeping the electors apart would reduce corruption by making it more difficult for any one political faction to manipulate the contenders, allowing them to focus exclusively on serving the interests of their state. (par. 4) Furthermore, selecting the president through this independent body would mean that he is accountable solely to the people and not to a legislative body which could depose of him if the two branches were not in agreement.His re-election would n ot be controlled by legislative enemies and allies. (par. 6) Each state would be granted as many electors has they had seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate combined, effectively compromising between the preferred plans of either all states having equal weight (as they do in the Senate) or distributing power based on population (as it is in the House). If no candidate were to receive a majority of the votes, the House would convene to select the President from the top five candidates. par. 7) Hamilton wished for the vice-president to be elected by the same body and through the same method, except that the Senate would select the winner for this office if no candidate won a majority. (par. 9) He notes that this is one of the few aspects of the new constitution that received little dissent, and the final system was ultimately very similar to the one he described. The vice-presidency was, until the passage of the twelfth amendment in 1804, awarded to the second place-can didate.However, this inherently resulted in a rival with opposing political views being first in line to the presidency, and therefore the system was changed to allow the electors to vote for both positions separately. (Nardulli 23) Each state is free to determine how its electors are selected, and various models have been used in the past. At the time of enactment, however, several assumptions about the system were made that would quickly prove to be untrue. It was generally believed that electors would selected from individual districts in a manner similar to congressmen, would exercise personal judgement when voting.It was also believed that they would frequently endorse candidates from their home state, ultimately meaning that no candidate would win a majority and that Congress would determine the victors from a short list of candidates. (41) Some states appointed their electors legislatively rather than through election, meaning that voters did not cast a ballot for either the president or the Electoral College. The emergence of organized political parties by the third election in 1796 led to nationally coordinated campaigns that severely reduced the number of expected candidates, and thus the likelihood that no one would achieve a majority. 44) The results of the 2000 election between George Bush and Al Gore – in which Gore won the popular vote but narrowly lost the Electoral College after a controversial recount in Florida – highlight what is the largest criticism of the Electoral College: it is possible for a candidate to win the Presidency without winning the popular vote. Because less populous states have more electoral votes per capita than larger states, individual votes are disproportionately stronger. (Bennett 9) Detractors of the College claim that this is inherently undemocratic, as all votes should be considered equal in a true democracy.Final victors have only lost the popular vote on two other occasions (in 1876 and 1888), and there has therefore never been substantial support for re-examining the system until 2000. Although the disproportionate power of smaller states has been commonly criticized, it is in fact the winner-take-all method in which states pledge their electoral votes that is responsible for discrepancies with the popular vote. It is currently possible a candidate to win the presidency by only winning as little as eleven states.He could win by a single vote in each of these states, but lose by a significant margin in every other state, yet his electoral count would still indicate him as the majority winner. Five of the seven elections between 1964 and 1988 were won by significant margins in the Electoral College. On each occasion, the winning candidate took at least forty states while barely winning more than 60% of the popular vote. This was most pronounced in the 1984 race between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale. The latter received 40% of the popular vote, yet received the electoral vot es from Minnesota and D.C. Furthermore, in 1968 (when some states were won by independent candidate George Wallace) Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey both won approximately 43% of the popular vote, yet Nixon won the election outright with 56% of the Electoral College. (Bennett 37-42) While none of these instances resulted in the popular vote being overruled, they do demonstrate that elections are not a matter of getting the most people to vote for you, but rather the importance of getting the most people in the right places. Analysts have suggested that his year's race between President Obama and Governor Romney could produce a first for the Electoral College: a tie. Although unlikely, this cycle's set of swing states, along with the states that each candidate is presumed to win, allows for a specific combination of votes wherein each candidate would receive 269 electoral votes. While the college has failed to produce a winner in the past, it has always been due to the presence of a third-party candidate. It is also predicted that Republicans will retain control of the House, while the Democrats will continue to hold the Senate.Should the electoral votes come to a tie, these two chambers would be responsible for selecting the President and Vice-President, respectively. Assuming each party would support its nominee, the result would be a Romney-Biden government. (Hamby) Not since the twelfth amendment was passed have opponents been simultaneously elected to the lead the executive. While such a scenario is mathematically rare, it is absurd that a system of government would allow for such a possibility. Despite the counterintuitive relationship that the Electoral College has with the popular vote, there are some key benefits to keeping the system.It emphasizes the federal nature of the United States; that it is not just a monolithic country, but rather a federation of sovereign governments. Indeed, the fact this is found in the fact that each state is free to sel ect their electors any way they choose (through legislative appointment, districts, or winner-take-all). Most states (the exceptions being Maine and Nebraska) use the winner-take-all model to maximize their influence. If they were to be allocating their electors proportionally in a close race, opposing electors would essentially cancel each other out. Nardulli 28) Furthermore, guaranteeing a certain amount of power to each region ensures that it's power will not be reduced based on local factors such as bad weather. For example, even if New Jersey experiences very low voter turn-out because of Hurricane Sandy, those that do manage to get to the polls will still be able to exercise its fourteen electoral votes on behalf of the state. The real problems with the Electoral College do not stem from the mathematic anomalies and misrepresentations, but rather because it serves a political culture that Alexander Hamilton had not envisioned.He explicitly states that it is meant to find the b est man for the job, rather than subjecting the country to tumultuous elections. In modern times, however, electors are designated by their political parties, usually legally bound to vote for a particular candidate, and not even named on the ballot. It is no longer independent individuals who actually consider all possible candidates, but instead a mere rubber-stamp for the will of the electorate. Bennett 55) The Electoral College system envisioned by Alexander Hamilton was designed to be independent of the usual partisanship, with the principle goal of finding an individual who would best be suited as the country's chief administrator and head of state. While it still has the arguable benefit of forcing candidates to pay attention to less populous states, its members are effectively bound to follow the will of their constituents and are therefore unable to fulfill the intended mandate of their position. Works Cited Bennett, Robert.Taming the Electoral College. Palo Alto CA: Stanfo rd University Press, 2006. Hamby, Peter. â€Å"Electoral College Tie Possible in Obama-Romney Race. † CNN. com. Cable News Network, 30 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012. Hamilton, Alexander. The Federalist Papers: Number 68. 1788. Retrieved 29 October 2012. Nardulli, Peter. Popular Efficacy in the Democratic Era. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Essay on Television and Children Friend or Foe - 1243 Words

In the United States, 96.7 percent of American households own television sets (Nielsen, 2011). Whether it is watching the news to catch up on what is going on in the world, or checking the road conditions for the morning rush hour; television has become a necessity in every household. Television gives people the ability to take a break from life and melt away into a different world. Children in particular, have become overly attached to TV. In many cases children are being left in front of the television for hours to entertain themselves. Children learn from what see adults and other children do. Parents or guardians must take the proper steps to become a more effective role model by changing their own habits and lifestyles. What†¦show more content†¦It could be the amount of programs watched that affect children’s behavior; more likely it is the quality of the programs watched. According to KidsHeath in a study from the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), childr en who view violent acts are more likely to show aggressive behavior but also fear that the world is scary and that something bad will happen to them (KidsHealth, 2011). This type of thought pattern creates the onset of certain phobia’s, panic disorders, and learning disabilities in children. In the April 2004 issue of Pediatrics magazine, a study from the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, found that for each hour of television that preschoolers watched per day. Their risk of developing later childhood attention problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD(H)D) and Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) increased by almost 10 percent (Shulman, 2004). These findings contribute to the rise in diagnosed cases of these disorders considerably over the past several years. 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